![]() In the USA, patents on TiO 2 and ZnO NPs were filed in the 1980s (Wang & Tooley 2011), although in Australia the use of TiO 2 and ZnO NPs in sunscreens began later. When used in this NP form, these oxides cannot be seen on the skin but retain or even augment their UV-sunscreening properties. This undesirable visual effect has been addressed by decreasing the particle size of these metal oxides to nanoparticle (NP) form (see Section 2). However, one apparent disadvantage of ZnO and TiO 2 is that in their macroparticulate (bulk) form in sunscreens, they are visible on the skin as an opaque layer resulting in reluctance of consumers to use the products. Inorganic UV filters zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2) have been used as ingredients in sunscreens for over three decades. On this page: Introduction | Nanoparticle characteristics | Dermal exposure | Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity | Conclusion | Bibliography 1. In conclusion, on current evidence, neither TiO 2 nor ZnO NPs are likely to cause harm when used as ingredients in sunscreens and when sunscreens are used as directed. This suggests that systemic absorption, hence toxicity, is highly unlikely. The majority of in vitro studies (using both animal and human skin) and in vivo studies have shown that both ZnO and TiO 2 NPs either do not penetrate or minimally penetrate the stratum corneum and underlying layers of skin. This review is a further update to include relevant literature that has been published between May 2013 and August 2016. The TGA has been continuously monitoring the emerging scientific literature in this area and working cooperatively with international regulatory agencies to ensure that appropriate regulatory action is undertaken if any unacceptable risk of harm/toxicity is identified.Ī review on these issues was first published by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in 2006 which was updated in May 2013. The two main issues considered in this review are the evidence for the ability of these NPs to penetrate the skin to reach viable cells and the potential toxicity exerted by them. This scientific review report is limited to the review of safety concerns surrounding zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles (NPs) present in sunscreens.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |